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Aadrikaa Legal Services (ALS)- Law I Litigation I Arbitration

Date: 24.09.2026

CESTAT Chennai: Customs Cannot Reclassify 226 Auto Parts Without Product-Wise Evidence

In a significant ruling on customs classification, self-assessment, extended limitation and evidentiary standards in adjudication, the Customs, Excise and Service Tax Appellate Tribunal (CESTAT), Chennai has allowed the appeal of Toyota Kirloskar Motor Pvt. Ltd. and set aside in entirety an adjudication order that had confirmed a differential customs duty demand of ₹23.17 crore, imposed a ₹17 crore redemption fine, and levied an equivalent penalty under Section 114A of the Customs Act, 1962.

The Tribunal held that the Customs Department had “wholly failed” to discharge the burden of proving its proposed reclassification of 226 imported automobile parts. It further held that a quasi-judicial authority cannot proceed on a presumption of guilt or use material that was never properly placed on record and disclosed to the importer.

The Dispute: Classification of Toyota’s Imported Automobile Parts

• Toyota Kirloskar Motor Pvt. Ltd., the Indian subsidiary of Toyota Motor Corporation, Japan, imported various parts and accessories for passenger and multi-utility vehicles from Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines during 2017–2022.
• The goods included items such as Guard Propeller Shaft, Panel Assy Instrument Panel Finish Lwr, Frame Assy RR, Tank Assembly Fuel and Battery Door Control. Toyota declared the goods principally under Customs Tariff Item (CTI) 87089900 and availed a concessional 5% Basic Customs Duty under S. No. 1478 of Notification No. 46/2011-Customs on the strength of Certificates of Origin under the ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement (AIFTA). Significantly, Customs did not question the genuineness of those certificates.
• Following an investigation by the Special Intelligence and Investigation Branch (SIIB), Customs proposed reclassification of 226 parts, principally under CTI 87082900 as “parts and accessories of bodies” of motor vehicles, along with certain other headings.

Commissioner Confirmed ₹23.17 Crore Demand

The Commissioner rejected Toyota’s self-assessment and ordered reassessment of the disputed goods. As a consequence of the reclassification, the benefit of Notification No. 46/2011-Customs was denied.

The Commissioner confirmed:

Particulars	Amount / Action
Differential Customs Duty	₹23,17,45,224
Interest	Under Section 28AA
Value of goods held liable to confiscation	₹170,37,12,914
Redemption Fine	₹17,00,00,000
Penalty	Equivalent to duty plus applicable interest under Section 114A
Confiscation	Sections 111(m) & 111(o)

• The Department invoked the extended period under Section 28(4) on allegations of collusion, wilful misstatement and suppression of facts.
• Toyota challenged the order before CESTAT.

Revenue Bears the Burden of Proving Reclassification

• The Tribunal placed considerable emphasis on the fundamental principle that where Customs seeks to reject an importer’s declared classification and substitute another tariff entry, the burden of establishing the proposed classification lies upon Revenue.
• Referring to Supreme Court precedents including Hindustan Ferodo Ltd. v. Collector of Central Excise, H.P.L. Chemicals Ltd., Hindustan Lever Ltd. and D.L. Steels, CESTAT observed that the burden does not shift merely because an importer does not rebut the Department’s material. Revenue must first produce sufficient evidence capable of displacing the declared classification.
• The Tribunal also reiterated that classification must begin with Rule 1 of the General Rules for Interpretation, by examining the terms of the tariff headings together with the relevant Section and Chapter Notes. HSN Explanatory Notes provide important guidance in resolving classification disputes.

Examining 15 Parts Cannot Justify Reclassification of 226 Parts

• A crucial defect identified by CESTAT was the manner in which the Department dealt with the 226 disputed articles.
• According to the Tribunal, the adjudicating authority examined only about 15 articles and effectively extended those conclusions across the entire list of 226 goods.
• CESTAT found no article-specific determination identifying the objective characteristics of each imported product, matching those characteristics with CTI 87082900 and explaining why the particular article constituted a “part or accessory of a body” rather than a part or accessory of a motor vehicle generally.
• The Tribunal memorably observed that merely listing parts against a proposed tariff item, placing them alongside technical write-ups and stating that their usage had been read on Toyota’s website amounted to a statement of the charge—not proof of the charge and not a substitute for adjudication.

₹23 Crore Demand Cannot Rest on Website Material Never Placed on Record

• CESTAT was particularly critical of the Department’s reliance on information allegedly appearing on Toyota’s website.
• Neither the show-cause notice nor the adjudication order reproduced even a single line of the relied-upon website material. No screenshot, printout or certified copy was placed on record or included among the relied-upon documents.
• Relying on the principle of natural justice laid down in Dhakeshwari Cotton Mills Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax, the Tribunal held that a quasi-judicial authority must disclose material gathered against a person and give that person an opportunity to meet it.

The Tribunal stated:

• “A demand of Rs.23.17 crore cannot be founded upon a document which the authority has not reproduced, not exhibited and not put to the noticee.”
• It further held that treating Toyota’s alleged failure to rebut undisclosed material as proof effectively inverted the legal burden resting upon Revenue.

Quasi-Judicial Authority Cannot Begin With Presumption of Guilt

• The Tribunal also objected to observations in the adjudication order concerning Toyota’s alleged non-appearance during investigation and the relationship between Toyota and its overseas supplier.
• It held that no provision of the Customs Act treats non-appearance during investigation as an admission of the allegations.

More importantly, CESTAT stated that:

• “A quasi judicial authority is not at liberty to begin with a presumption of guilt and then treat the absence of exculpation as proof.”
• The Tribunal emphasized that a person must be proceeded against on evidence and not suspicion.

Toyota’s CTI 87089900 Classification Allowed to Stand

• Having found that Revenue failed to establish its proposed classification, CESTAT held that Toyota’s declared classification under CTI 87089900 for the 226 articles in Annexure A would continue to hold the field.
• The Tribunal clarified that it was not itself determining whether some third tariff heading might theoretically be more appropriate. On the evidentiary record before it, undertaking classification of 226 individual products for the first time at the appellate stage would amount to creating a case that had never been properly made by the Department.
• CESTAT relied on the principle that where Revenue’s proposed alternative classification fails, the importer’s classification continues to operate in the absence of a properly established alternative.

AIFTA Concessional Duty Benefit Restored

• Since denial of the concessional rate under S. No. 1478 of Notification No. 46/2011-Customs dated 1 June 2011 was merely consequential to the Department’s proposed reclassification, that denial also collapsed.
• Accordingly, CESTAT held that Toyota was entitled to the notification benefit in respect of the 226 Annexure A articles covered by its findings.
• The Tribunal did not find it necessary to decide Toyota’s alternative arguments concerning the procedure under the AIFTA Rules of Origin or revenue neutrality of the IGST component.

CESTAT Flags Judicial Indiscipline by Customs

• Another significant aspect of the decision concerns judicial discipline within the Customs administration.
• CESTAT noted that in an earlier dispute involving the same importer and the same tariff heading, it had already held that the burden of proving reclassification rested upon Revenue.
• The impugned order was nevertheless passed by the same Commissionerate without distinguishing—or even referring to—the earlier Tribunal ruling.
• Referring to the Supreme Court’s decision in Union of India v. Kamalakshi Finance Corporation Ltd., CESTAT reiterated that orders of appellate authorities are binding upon subordinate Revenue authorities. Ignoring such orders can lead to harassment of assessees and uncertainty in tax administration.
• The Tribunal observed that independence of mind in adjudication “is not a licence to disregard a declaration of law by the forum to which one’s orders are amenable in appeal.”

Extended Limitation Under Section 28(4) Rejected

• The Department had invoked the extended limitation period alleging collusion, wilful misstatement and suppression.
• CESTAT held that Section 28(4) is not a general recovery mechanism. Its extended period becomes available only when the statutory ingredients—such as collusion, wilful misstatement or suppression—are actually established.
• The Tribunal found the Department’s case internally contradictory. The allegations were based substantially on technical write-ups and photographs supplied by Toyota itself and information said to have been published on Toyota’s own website. Material voluntarily furnished or publicly disclosed could not simultaneously be characterised as having been suppressed from Customs.
• The Tribunal also held that where the goods are correctly described in the Bill of Entry, merely choosing a tariff classification subsequently disputed by Customs does not, by itself, constitute suppression or misdeclaration.

Voluntary Duty Payment Cannot Be Treated as Evidence of Evasion

• The Tribunal also criticised the adjudicating authority’s treatment of approximately ₹3.84 crore voluntarily paid by Toyota.
• Instead of appropriately reconciling and crediting the payments while quantifying the liability, the adjudicating authority had treated Toyota’s voluntary payment as further supporting the Department’s allegations.
• CESTAT rejected this approach, observing that treating voluntary payment of duty as corroboration of an intention to evade would undermine the self-assessment system under Sections 17 and 46 of the Customs Act.

Corrigendum Cannot Be Used to Enlarge a Show-Cause Notice

• The dispute also involved a corrigendum dated 4 July 2024, which replaced Annexure C, altered invoice and product serial numbers, revised the demand and introduced 14 additional articles spread across 81 Bills of Entry.
• CESTAT held that a corrigendum is intended to correct clerical or arithmetic mistakes; it cannot be used to enlarge the scope of a show-cause notice to the detriment of the noticee.
• Where the corrigendum effectively introduces a fresh case, limitation must be reckoned from the date of the corrigendum. Consequently, clearances of the newly introduced articles before 4 July 2019 fell outside even the five-year outer limit.

Confiscation Under Sections 111(m) and 111(o) Set Aside

• CESTAT also rejected confiscation of the imported goods.
• It held that Section 111(m) was not attracted because neither the description nor the value of the goods was alleged to be false. The dispute concerned the selection of the tariff item.
• Similarly, Section 111(o) could not apply merely because Customs considered the goods ineligible for the exemption. The Certificates of Origin were never alleged to be non-genuine, and no specific condition of the exemption notification was shown to have been violated.

₹17 Crore Redemption Fine Also Falls

• Once the legal basis for confiscation disappeared, the ₹17 crore redemption fine under Section 125 could not survive because redemption fine is imposed in lieu of confiscation.
• The Tribunal additionally observed that even if confiscation had otherwise been valid, the quantum of ₹17 crore was indefensible because the statutory ceiling under Section 125 depends upon the market price of the confiscated goods, whereas there had been no market-price enquiry.

Section 114A Penalty and Section 28AA Interest Quashed

• The penalty under Section 114A, equivalent to the duty determined together with interest, was also set aside.
• Since CESTAT found that the demand itself could not survive and that the ingredients necessary for invoking the extended period were absent, the corresponding penalty necessarily failed.
• The consequential interest demand under Section 28AA was also set aside.

What About the 114 Articles in Annexure B?

• The Tribunal drew an important distinction regarding another 114 articles listed in Annexure B.
• For those goods, Toyota itself had proposed revised classification, Customs had accepted it, and Toyota had already paid differential duty with interest for part of the relevant period. Accordingly, CESTAT did not disturb their classification.
• The surviving issue was essentially one of limitation, quantification and adjustment of amounts already paid.
• While setting aside the existing demand, the Tribunal left it open to the proper officer to determine, subject to limitation, whether any short payment survives after verification and appropriation of amounts already paid and after giving Toyota an opportunity of hearing.

Final Decision: Toyota Wins the Appeal

CESTAT ultimately set aside Order-in-Original No. 109978/2024 dated 22 October 2024 in its entirety and allowed Toyota’s appeal with consequential reliefs in law.

The principal consequences are:

• Toyota’s declared CTI 87089900 classification for the 226 Annexure A articles holds the field, subject to the qualification recorded by the Tribunal;
• Benefit of S. No. 1478 of Notification No. 46/2011-Customs is available for those imports;
• ₹23,17,45,224 differential duty demand set aside;
• Section 28AA interest set aside;
• confiscation under Sections 111(m) and 111(o) set aside;
• ₹17 crore redemption fine under Section 125 set aside; and
• Section 114A penalty set aside.

For the 114 Annexure B articles, however, the Department may determine any surviving short payment strictly in accordance with law and limitation after verifying and appropriating Toyota’s earlier payments.

Why This Ruling Is Significant for Importers

The decision reinforces several important principles governing customs adjudication. Self-assessment cannot be displaced merely by assertion; the burden of proving reclassification remains with Revenue. Technical evidence must be analysed product-by-product where classification depends upon individual characteristics. Material gathered from websites or elsewhere cannot be relied upon without putting it on record and giving the importer an opportunity to respond.

Equally significant is CESTAT’s treatment of limitation: a classification dispute does not automatically become suppression, particularly when the description of the imported goods has been correctly declared and the Department’s own case rests on information supplied by the importer. The ruling also sends a clear message on judicial discipline: adjudicating authorities cannot simply disregard binding appellate decisions concerning the same issue and the same assessee.

Connected Matter

CESTAT Chennai: Vitamin Feed Premixes Classifiable as Animal Feed Preparations Under CTH 2309

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Source: CESTAT Chennai

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Ravi Shekhar Jha – Advocate, Bar Council of Delhi